How HaloScore Calculated?

How HaloScore Calculated?

HaloScore is a comprehensive assessment tool that brings together multidimensional indicators such as an individual's daily lifestyle habits, body composition, sleep patterns, cardiorespiratory capacity, and metabolic status to more accurately reflect the personal health profile. In this study, individuals' health scores are calculated through six separate modules: Activity Score, Oxygen Score, Body Score, Sleep Score, Exercise Score, and Heart Score. Scores are determined not only based on measured absolute values but also according to the proximity or distance of these values to reference ranges specific to age, gender, and the individual's athletic level. In this approach, artificial intelligence models are used to analyze data, and values are integrated approximately into the most suitable ranges considering the personal profile. Therefore, results should be evaluated not as exact values, but as AI-supported estimations based on references that best reflect the individual's current health status.

Activity Score

Activity Score consists of components of steps and stand hours to evaluate daily mobility. Evidence shows that each additional 1,000 steps taken daily continues to increase health benefits, and this continues up to approximately 12,000 steps. While 10,000 steps per day are frequently recommended, meta-analyses reveal that 7,000 steps per day is a more realistic and achievable goal for many individuals (Ding et al., 2025). Additionally, it has been reported that even small increases provide significant health gains, for example, increasing from 2,000 to 4,000 steps is associated with a 36% reduction in all-cause mortality risk. The study by Paluch et al. (2022) also showed that mortality risk reaches different plateau points according to age, stabilizing at 6,000–8,000 steps in older adults and 8,000–10,000 steps in younger adults.

The second component of Activity Score, Stand Hours, reflects the behavior of breaking long sitting periods with short movements throughout the day. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2020) emphasizes that prolonged inactivity poses serious health risks, therefore encouraging brief standing and movement behavior every hour is necessary. Compositional analyses show that standing for 4–6 hours daily is optimal for cardiometabolic health (Brakenridge et al., 2024). Therefore, in this module, the person's daily standing duration is compared with these ranges and scored approximately by artificial intelligence in accordance with the user’s profile.

Oxygen Score

Oxygen Score is derived from three basic indicators that reflect the individual's respiratory and circulatory efficiency: respiratory rate, cardio-fitness (VO₂ max), and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂).

Respiratory Rate: In healthy adults, resting respiratory rate is accepted in the range of 12–20 breaths/minute. This value is higher in children; the respiratory rate, which averages 44 at birth, drops to 26 by the second year. In elderly individuals, values exceeding 28 per minute are clinically considered tachypnea (Chourpiliadis & Bhardwaj, 2022). Therefore, respiratory rate is evaluated with different references according to the individual's age and developmental stage, and these differences are approximately reflected by artificial intelligence in score calculation.

Cardio Fitness (VO₂ Max): Maximum oxygen consumption capacity is a powerful parameter showing the individual's aerobic endurance and cardiorespiratory health. VO₂ max values regularly decrease with age; approximately 5–10% decline is observed every decade. For example, according to the FRIEND study, while the average VO₂ max in the 20–29 age group is 48 in men and 38 ml/kg/min in women, these values decline to 24 and 18 ml/kg/min respectively in the 70–79 age group (Kaminsky et al., 2015). Our artificial intelligence algorithm integrates these differences into age and gender parameters to perform personalized scoring.

Blood Oxygen (SpO₂): Oxygen saturation is a critical indicator of respiratory function. In a large-scale study, the SpO₂ distribution of 37,593 adult individuals was analyzed and the median value was found to be 97% (IQR 95–98%). Additionally, in-hospital mortality rates for SpO₂ values at 97%, 96%, and 95% levels were reported as 3.65%, 4.47%, and 5.67% respectively (Smith et al., 2012).

Body Score

Body Score evaluates the individual's body composition through two parameters: Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage.

Body Mass Index (BMI): 18.5 - 24.5 range is considered healthy (Walsh et al., 2018). According to the World Health Organization, BMI of 25 and above in adults is defined as overweight and 30 and above as obesity. However, athletes' BMI values may differ. For example, average BMI in master athletes was found to be 23.6 in men and 22.4 in women; these values are significantly lower than the average of sedentary individuals (Walsh et al., 2018).

Body Fat Percentage: Body fat percentage provides more accurate assessment of body composition in addition to BMI. Healthy ranges are accepted as 25–31% in women and 18–24% in men (Baylor College of Medicine, 2023).

Sleep Score

According to current information from the National Library of Medicine, sleep durations are determined as 14-17 hours in newborns, 12-15 hours in infants, 11-14 hours in toddlers, 10-13 hours in preschool children, 9-11 hours in school-age children, and 8-10 hours in adolescents. 7-9 hours of sleep is recommended for young adults and adults, while 7-8 hours is recommended for older adults (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). The model based on this data evaluates the person's age according to the correct range and finds an appropriate score.

Exercise Score

Exercise Score reflects the individual's planned physical activity level and consists of two parameters: exercise sessions (workouts) and active energy expenditure (active energy). The artificial intelligence algorithm approximately scores the individual's exercise intensity and energy expenditure through reference values compatible with age, gender, and athletic level. The exercises performed, heavy sports, and calories burned are analyzed, and if they are above a certain value and frequency, the person is included in the athletic profile; other parameters are adjusted according to this profile.

Exercise: Current guidelines suggest that exercise programs, primarily aerobic exercise or a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises, should be one of the basic elements of lifestyle modification programs designed for obesity management (Jayedi et al., 2024). While at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week is recommended, an exercise program of 225 to 420 minutes of moderate intensity per week is required for 5.0 to 7.5 kg weight loss (Jayedi et al., 2024). According to the World Health Organization, adults can increase moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to more than 300 minutes throughout the week for additional health benefits; or can do more than 150 minutes of high-intensity aerobic physical activity.

Active Energy Expenditure: According to Memorial Health Group, women need approximately 2,000 calories per day, while men need 2,500 calories.

Heart Score

Heart Score consists of four indicators at the center of cardiovascular health: resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose level, and VO₂ max.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR): Resting heart rate is an important determinant of cardiac output and physiological homeostasis. Many studies and expert opinions have stated that a resting heart rate of 60-90 beats/minute is considered normal for adults (Avram et al., 2019). Studies show that low RHR is associated with lower mortality risk. For example, in the Framingham study, values above 84 bpm in men over 65 were found to significantly increase mortality risk (Olshansky et al., 2023). Additionally, regular physical activity and exercise contribute positively to lifespan by reducing RHR (Reimers et al., 2018). The scientific mechanism of lower RHR observed in athletic individuals is also based on these studies.

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP): While normal systolic blood pressure is accepted as approximately 120 mmHg and normal pulse pressure as approximately 40 mmHg, it shows a gradual increase with age (Homan et al., 2025). Systolic blood pressure shows a gradual increase between ages 30 and 84, and this increase is greater in women than in men (Shamout, 2017). This increase becomes more pronounced especially in postmenopausal women (Shamout, 2017).

Blood Sugar: The contribution of diabetes to cardiovascular mortality is quite high. According to Medipol Health Group, fasting blood sugar between 70-100 mg is normal, and postprandial blood sugar below 140 mg is normal. Values below 70 mg are generally accepted as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

VO₂ Max: VO₂ max, one of the strongest indicators of aerobic capacity, is found to be significantly high especially in athletic individuals and plays a critical role in preserving cardiorespiratory capacity (Srivastava et al., 2024). Research on athletes shows that the average VO₂max value measured on treadmill in the athlete group was 52.37 mL/kg/min for men and 40.96 mL/kg/min for women. In the control group evaluation, treadmill measurement was found to be 33.35 mL/kg/min for men and bicycle ergometer measurement was 34.17 mL/kg/min. In women, these values were found to be 25.09 mL/kg/min and 24.15 mL/kg/min respectively. As a result of analyses, statistically significantly higher VO₂max values were obtained in both male and female athletes compared to the control group (p < 0.001).

These findings reveal that athletic individuals have significantly higher cardiorespiratory capacity compared to sedentary individuals of the same age and gender, and that VO₂max is a powerful indicator in evaluating aerobic capacity.

Heart Score consists of the combination of these four parameters, with values calculated by our artificial intelligence model through approximate integration according to age, gender, and the individual's athletic profile.

References;

Avram, R., Tison, G.H., Aschbacher, K. et al. Real-world heart rate norms in the Health eHeart study. npj Digit. Med. 2, 58 (2019).doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0134-9